Understanding PCOS: Symptoms, Causes, and Treatments

Struggling with irregular periods, stubborn weight, or unexplained acne? These could be signs of something more complex—Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, or PCOS.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder that affects roughly 1 in 10 women of reproductive age. It manifests through a range of symptoms and, if left unmanaged, can lead to serious long-term health issues. But with the right knowledge and care plan, PCOS can be managed effectively.

What Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)?

PCOS is a condition where the ovaries may develop multiple small cysts and fail to release eggs regularly, leading to irregular or absent ovulation. It’s primarily driven by hormonal imbalance—particularly elevated androgens (male hormones) and insulin resistance.

Key features include:

Signs of hyperandrogenism (elevated androgens)
Irregular ovulation or anovulation
Insulin resistance (often present in women with PCOS)

It’s a leading cause of infertility and can significantly impact metabolic and reproductive health.

Common PCOS Symptoms

While PCOS presents differently for each person, some common signs include:

Irregular periods or absence of menstruation
Acne, oily skin, or darkened patches
Excess hair growth (hirsutism), especially on the face, chest, and abdomen
Thinning hair or hair loss on the scalp
Weight gain or difficulty losing weight
Mood swings, anxiety, or depression

These symptoms result from the hormonal and metabolic imbalances at the core of PCOS.

What Causes PCOS?

The exact cause of PCOS remains unclear, but several contributing factors have been identified:

Genetics: A family history of PCOS can increase your risk.
Hormonal Imbalances: Elevated androgens and altered levels of hormones like LH and FSH play a significant role in disrupting normal ovulation.
Insulin Resistance: Present in up to 70% of women with PCOS, this condition leads to higher insulin levels, which can boost androgen production and impair ovulation.

How Is PCOS Diagnosed?

There’s no single test for PCOS; instead, diagnosis relies on a combination of factors and specific criteria.

Reviewing medical history and symptoms
Physical examination and pelvic ultrasound to assess ovarian appearance
Blood tests to check hormone levels (e.g., testosterone, LH, FSH) and insulin/glucose levels
Rule-out of other endocrine disorders

At Manhattan Primary Care, we offer women’s health services that help detect PCOS early and guide personalized treatment.

How Does PCOS Affect Fertility?

Wondering how PCOS affects fertility? Irregular or absent ovulation makes conception challenging. However, with proper treatment, many women with PCOS go on to have healthy pregnancies.

Fertility support may include:

Ovulation induction medications (e.g., letrozole, clomiphene)
In vitro fertilization (IVF)
Weight management and lifestyle changes to restore ovulatory cycles

What Are The Best Options For PCOS Treatments?

While there’s no cure for PCOS, it’s highly manageable with a multifaceted approach:

Medical Treatments:

Birth control pills to regulate periods and reduce androgen levels
Metformin to improve insulin sensitivity
Anti-androgens to reduce hair growth and acne

Lifestyle Interventions:

PCOS Diet: Focus on whole foods, low glycemic index (GI), and anti-inflammatory options
PCOS Exercise: Strength training + moderate cardio for weight management and insulin control
Mental Health: Stress reduction, therapy, and quality sleep all play a role

PCOS and Long-Term Health Risks

Untreated PCOS can increase the risk of:

Type 2 diabetes
Heart disease (due to high cholesterol and high blood pressure)
Endometrial cancer from chronic anovulation
Mental health disorders, especially anxiety and depression

Regular preventive care visits, like those offered at Manhattan Primary Care, help monitor blood sugar levels, cardiovascular markers, and reproductive health to catch complications early and tailor ongoing care.

Conclusion

PCOS can be challenging, but it’s manageable. With proper diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle changes, you can regain control of your health. Whether you’re dealing with symptoms or trying to conceive, support and solutions are available. If you suspect PCOS, consult Manhattan Primary Care for a comprehensive evaluation. Early action makes a big difference.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. Can PCOS symptoms change as you age?

Yes, reproductive symptoms may ease, but metabolic risks often increase with age.

2. Is it possible to have PCOS without ovarian cysts?

Yes. Cysts aren't required for a PCOS diagnosis.

3. Does PCOS affect women differently based on ethnicity?

Yes. Symptoms and severity can vary by ethnicity.

4. Is there a connection between PCOS and gut health?

Yes. Gut imbalances may contribute to inflammation and insulin resistance.

5. How can PCOS affect sleep patterns?

It increases the risk of sleep apnea and poor sleep quality.

6. Is PCOS only a concern during reproductive years?

No. It poses long-term health risks even after menopause.

Disclaimer

This blog is for informational & educational purposes only and does not intend to substitute any professional medical advice or consultation. For any health-related concerns, please consult with your physician, or call 911.